OpenSolar models the impact of temperature on Voc (open circuit voltage) and Vmp (max power voltage) using a linear derating formula. This formula applies a temperature coefficient specific to each panel to adjust the Voc and Vmp values from their standard test conditions (STC, 25°C), to any given temperature.

It's important to note that a solar panel's temperature is typically higher than the ambient temperature (i.e. outside temperature) due to heating from solar irradiance. The temperature increase is proportional to irradiance, or, the amount of sunlight received.
To estimate voltage extremes:
- Maximum Voc/Vmp occurs when irradiance is zero, and is typically on the coldest day of the year.
- Minimum Voc/Vmp occurs when irradiance is 1000 W/m², and is typically on the hottest day of the year.
The additional temperature increase is determined using the formula below. The Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT), an intrinsic property of each panel, plays a key role in this calculation. If NOCT is unknown, OpenSolar estimates its value based on the panel configuration (Standard, Tilt Rack, or Dual Tilt Rack).

Finally, the calculated cell temperature is applied in the derating formula to determine the Voc and Vmp voltage ranges under real-world conditions. As shown below, the the maximum temperature has been adjusted while the minimum temperature has not changed to capture the extremes in Voc and Vmp values.

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